            
|
APPENDIX
C
INFORMATION
FOR SPECIFIC RADIONUCLIDES
All
values in mCi
|
Cd-109 CADMIUM 109Cd
|
|
Half-life:
|
464 days
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Electron Capture
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.088 MeV (Ag-109m)
|
0.062 MeV, 0.084 MeV (e -)
|
|
Lead Shielding HVL
|
0.8 mm
|
0.031 in
|
|
Lead Shielding TVL
|
3.0 mm
|
0.12 in
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Kidney
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
0.3 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Shield with lead
|
|
For detection of Cd-109 use NaI scintillation survey instruments or gamma
counters.
|
|
Ca-45 CALCIUM 45Ca
|
|
Half-life:
|
163 days
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Beta -
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.257 MeV (100%) maximum
|
0.076 MeV average
|
|
Maximum range in air:
|
48 cm
|
19 in
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Bone
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
2.0 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Millicurie amounts of Ca-45 do not present a significant external exposure
hazard because the low energy beta particles barely penetrate the outer
dead layer of skin.
|
|
For detection of Ca-45 use a thin window G-M survey instruments or liquid
scintillation counters.
|
|
C-14 CARBON 14C
|
|
Half-life:
|
5730 years
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Beta -
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.156 MeV (100%) maximum
|
0.049 MeV average
|
|
Maximum range in air:
|
22 cm
|
8.6 in
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Whole Body, Fat, Bone
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
2.0 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Millicurie amounts of C-14 do not present a significant external exposure
hazard because the low energy beta particles barely penetrate the outer
dead layer of skin.
|
|
Handle potentially volatile compounds in a fume hood.
|
|
For detection of C-14 use a thin window G-M survey instruments or liquid
scintillation counters.
|
|
Cl-36 CHLORINE 36Cl
|
|
Half-life:
|
301000 years
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Beta - (98%) Beta + (.002 %)
|
Electron Capture (2%)
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.710 MeV (98% beta) max
|
0.252 MeV average
|
|
|
0.511 MeV (an x-rays)
|
|
|
Maximum Beta range in air:
|
2 m
|
7 ft
|
|
Maximum Beta range in water
|
2.6 mm
|
0.1 in
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Whole Body
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
2.0 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Use plexiglass/ Lucite shielding (1/4 in).
|
|
Cl-36 may present a significant skin dose hazard.
|
|
Handle potentially volatile compounds in a fume hood.
|
|
For detection of Cl-36 use thin window G-M survey instruments or liquid
scintillation counters.
|
|
Cr-51 CHROMIUM 51Cr
|
|
Half-life:
|
27.704 days
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Electron Capture
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.320 MeV gamma (9.8%)
|
0.004 MeV e - (66.9%)
|
|
|
0.005 MeV x-rays (22.3 %)
|
|
|
Lead Shielding HVL
|
1.7 mm
|
0.07 in
|
|
Lead Shielding TVL
|
5.6 mm
|
0.22 in
|
|
Unshielded exposure Rate
from 1 mCi at 1 cm
|
180 mR/hr
|
3 mR/min
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Lower Large Intestine
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
40 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Shield with lead
|
|
For detection of Cr-51 use G-M survey instruments, liquid scintillation
counters or gamma counters.
|
|
In-111 INDIUM 111In
|
|
Half-life:
|
2.8 days
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Electron Capture
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.245 MeV gamma (94%)
|
0.171 MeV gamma (90%)
|
|
Lead Shielding HVL
|
0.23 mm
|
0.01 in
|
|
Lead Shielding TVL
|
2.03 mm
|
0.08 in
|
|
Unshielded exposure Rate
from 1 mCi at 1 cm
|
3210 mR/hr
|
53.5 mR/min
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Whole Body
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
4.0 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Shield with lead
|
|
For detection of In-111 use NaI scintillation survey instruments or gamma
counters.
|
|
I-125
IODINE 125I
|
|
Half-life:
|
60.14 days
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Electron Capture- (100%)
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.035 MeV gamma
|
0.027 MeV x-ray
|
|
Lead Shielding HVL
|
0.02 mm
|
0.0008 in
|
|
Lead Shielding TVL
|
0.06 mm
|
0.0024 in
|
|
Unshielded exposure Rate
from 1 mCi at 1 cm
|
1400 mR/hr
|
23.3 mR/min
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Thyroid
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
0.04 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:Iodine
has a very high vapor pressure in solution. Handle potentially
volatile compounds in a fume hood. (Refer to “Guidelines for
Iodinations”)
|
|
For detection of I-125 use NaI
scintillation survey instruments or gamma counters.
|
|
I-131
IODINE 131I
|
|
Half-life:
|
8.04 days
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Beta - (100%)
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.606 MeV B- (89%)
0.334 MeV B- (7.4%)
0.248 MeV B- (2.1%)
|
0.180 MeV average
|
|
|
0.364 MeV gamma (81.2%)
0.637 MeV gamma (7.3%)
0.284 MeV gamma (6.1%)
|
0.080 MeV gamma (2.6%)
0.723 MeV gamma (1.8%)
0.030 MeV x-ray (3.9%)
|
|
Maximum Beta range in air:
|
165 cm
|
65 in
|
|
Lead Shielding HVL
|
2.3 mm
|
0.09 in
|
|
Lead Shielding TVL
|
8.7 mm
|
0.34 in
|
|
Unshielded exposure Rate
from 1 mCi at 1 cm
|
2160 mR/hr
|
36 mR/min
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Thyroid
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
0.030 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Shield with lead
|
|
Iodine has a very high vapor
pressure in solution. Handle potentially volatile compounds in a
fume hood. (Refer to “Guidelines for Iodinations”)
|
|
For detection of I-131 use G-M
survey instruments, NaI scintillation survey instruments or gamma
counters.
|
|
P-32
PHOSPHORUS 32P
|
|
Half-life:
|
14.29 days
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Beta- (100%)
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
1.710 MeV maximum
|
0.695 MeV average
|
|
Maximum Beta range in air:
|
6 m
|
20 ft
|
|
Maximum Beta range in water
|
8 mm
|
0.3 in
|
|
Unshielded exposure Rate
from 1 mCi at 1 cm
|
26000 mR/hr
|
433.3 mR/min
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Bone
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
0.6 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Use plexiglass / Lucite shielding
(3/8 inch)
|
|
P-32 may present a significant skin
and ocular exposure hazard.
|
|
Large quantities of P-32 (>100
mCi) can produce significant secondary radiations which may
represent a whole body exposure hazard. Shield with plexiglass/
Lucite (3/8 inch) in combination with lead (1/16 inch)
|
|
For detection of P-32 use G-M
survey instruments or liquid scintillation counters.
|
|
P-33PHOSPHORUS
33P
|
|
Half-life:
|
25.4 days
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Beta - (100%)
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.249 MeV maximum
|
0.076 MeV average
|
|
Maximum Beta range in air:
|
46 cm
|
18 in
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Bone
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
6.0 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Millicurie amounts of P-33 do not
present a significant external exposure hazard because the low
energy beta particles barely penetrate the outer dead layer of
skin.
|
|
For detection of P-33 use thin
window G-M survey instruments or liquid scintillation counters.
|
|
Rb-86RUBIDIUM
86 Rb
|
|
Half-life:
|
18.66 days
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Beta- (99%)
|
Electron Capture (<1%)
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
1.78 MeV maximum
|
0.667 MeV average
|
|
|
1.077 MeV gamma (8.8%)
|
|
|
Maximum Beta range in air:
|
6.4 m
|
21 ft
|
|
Maximum Beta range in water
|
8 mm
|
0.3 in
|
|
Lead Shielding HVL
|
9 mm
|
0.35 in
|
|
Lead Shielding TVL
|
32 mm
|
1.27 in
|
|
Unshielded exposure Rate
from 1 mCi at 1 cm
|
500 mR/hr
|
8.3 mR/hr
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Whole Body, Pancreas, Liver
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
0.5 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Use plexiglass / Lucite shielding (½
inch) in combination with lead (>1/4 inch)
|
|
Rb-86 may present a significant
skin and ocular exposure hazard.
|
|
Rb-86 can produce significant
secondary radiations combined with gamma emissions which may
represent a whole body exposure hazard.
|
|
For detection of Rb-86 use G-M
survey instruments or liquid scintillation counters.
|
|
Na-22
SODIUM 22Na
|
|
Half-life:
|
2.6 years
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Beta + (90.6 %)
|
Electron Capture (9.4%)
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.546 MeV (B+) maximum
|
0.216 MeV(B+) average
|
|
|
1.275 MeV gamma
|
0.511 MeV an photon (180%)
|
|
Maximum Beta range in air:
|
140 cm
|
56 in
|
|
Lead Shielding HVL
|
6.4 mm
|
0.25 in
|
|
Lead Shielding TVL
|
19.6 mm
|
0.77 in
|
|
Unshielded exposure Rate
from 1 mCi at 1 cm
|
11800 mR/hr
|
197 mR/min
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Whole Body
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
0.4 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Use lead shielding
|
|
Na-22 may present a significant
skin and ocular exposure hazard.
|
|
Na-22 can produce significant
secondary radiations combined with gamma emissions which may
represent a whole body exposure hazard.
|
|
For detection of Na-22 use G-M
survey instruments, NaI scintillation survey instruments, liquid
scintillation counters, or gamma counters.
|
|
S-35
SULFUR 35S
|
|
Half-life:
|
87.44 days
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Beta - (100%)
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.167 MeV maximum
|
0.048 MeV average
|
|
Maximum Beta range in air:
|
24 cm
|
9.6 in
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Whole Body
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
6.0 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Millicurie amounts of S-35 do not
present a significant external exposure hazard because the low
energy beta particles barely penetrate the outer dead layer of
skin.
|
|
Handle potentially volatile
compounds in a fume hood. (Refer to “Guidelines for S-35
Methionine Labeling”
|
|
For detection of S-35 use thin
window G-M survey instruments or liquid scintillation counters.
|
|
H-3TRITIUM
3H
|
|
Half-life:
|
12.26 years
|
|
|
Type of Decay:
|
Beta -
|
|
|
Energy of Radiation:
|
0.0186 MeV (100%) maximum
|
0.005 MeV average
|
|
Maximum range in air:
|
4.7 mm
|
0.19 in
|
|
Critical Organ:
|
Whole Body
|
|
|
Annual Limit on Intake:
|
80.0 mCi
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
Millicurie amounts of H-3 do not
present an external exposure hazard because the low energy beta
particles can not penetrate the outer dead layer of skin.
|
|
Many tritiated compounds readily pass
through the skin. Wear double gloves.
|
|
Handle potentially volatile compounds (tritiated
water, acetic anhydride, sodium borohydride etc.) in a fume hood.
|
|
For detection of H-3 use liquid
scintillation counters.
|
Table of Contents
|
